InaMORAta

Let's fuck hard with some fans using an Arduino Uno. This will be used for my MO-RA3 to collect realtime data (fan RPMs, temperatures, etc.) and provide realtime control (fan PWM, RGB signals).

Communication

We'll want to report RPMs to the controlling host, and probably take PWM and RGB orders from it. We might use e.g. LoRa for this later. For now, we'll use the serial channel over a USB connection.

Powering the micro

So long as we're using the USB connection, we can get power from it; later, if we cut the cord, we'll need to take power from the fans' power source. If we're using 12V fans, that's right at the top end of the supported voltages. 5V is not going to cut it as a Vin supply (it'll work over USB, though). Arduino claims to support 6–20V through Vin, and recommends 7–12V.

We will *not* be powering the fans or LEDs from the Arduino directly. They draw too many amps, and Arduinos can't provide 12V power directly anyway.

When Vin is driven with at least 7.5V, it will take over from any USB connection. This is probably desirable, so that we are on the same power source and ground as the DUTs (but maybe it doesn't matter?).

The USB power must not be used in conjunction with power supplied through the 5V header. If a 5V source is to be used, it is desirable to use it through the USB receptacle, which enjoys polarity protection (unlike the 5V pin).

Rotation count (RPMs)

Most case fans have a tachometer inside, using the third wire to send its signal. It will be strobed once for every two revolutions. If it is e.g. strobed 80 times within a second, then there were 160 revolutions in that second, and we can extrapolate to 9600RPM (truly an insane case fan; I know of no such monstrosities).

We'll need a digital input pin with interrupt support. On the Arduino Uno, this restricts us to pin 2 or 3.

Control (PWM)

We set up a 25K PWM signal on pin 8. We can't use the standard Arduino PWM system, which operates at lower frequencies (490Hz and 980Hz). We operate directly on timer registers, using timer 4:

  const word PWM_FREQ_HZ = 25000;
  TCCR4A = 0;
  TCCR4B = 0;
  TCNT4  = 0;
  ICR4 = (F_CPU / PWM_FREQ_HZ) / 2;
  TCCR4A |= (1 << COM4A1) | (1 << WGM41);
  TCCR4B |= (1 << WGM43) | (1 << CS40);

This ICR4 value comes out to 320. We can then set the desired PWM duty (0–255) with:

  OCR4C = duty;

Distribution

We use a 12V PWM+DRGB hub for the many fans of the MO-RA3. Only one fan's RPM will be reported (whichever one is plugged into the red fan hookup), so it's important that we use the same fan throughout. The hub has a two-wire hookup for tach and PWM (12V and ground are provided through the SATA power hookup). Looking at the hub with the clear side oriented up, the left wire is the PWM input, and the right wire is the tach output.

Temps

We want the water temperature, and ideally also our own temperature on the microcontroller.

External (thermistor)

We're using an Alphacool Eiszapfen 17365 plug sensor. Its datasheet can be found here. This is a 10kΩ thermistor (resistance varies with temperature) with a β of 3435K and a nominal temperature of 25℃. To effect a better read, we'll use the 3.3V as our reference. This requires hooking 3.3V up to AREF and calling analogReference(EXTERNAL);.

Microcontroller

The Uno's ATmega328P processor has an onboard temperature sensor:

int readTemp(void){
  ADCSRA |= _BV(ADSC);
  while(bit_is_set(ADCSRA, ADSC)){
    ;
  }
  return (ADCL | (ADCH << 8)) - 342;
}

Wiring

• 5V pin goes to 10kΩ resistor, goes to tach signal
• Take ground from power source
• Analog input pin goes to thermistor signal
• Digital output pin 9 goes to PWM
• 3.3V pin goes to 10kΩ resistor, goes to thermistor signal
• 3.3V goes to AREF

Example breadboard

• 1A: digital input pin supporting interrupts (2 or 3 on the Uno)
• 1B: tachometer signal
• 1C: 7C
• 2D: Arduino GND
• 7B: 10kΩ resistor
• 7C: 1C
• 16A: 5V
• 16B: 10kΩ resistor