Check out my first novel, midnight's simulacra!
Io uring
Introduced in 2019 (kernel 5.1) by Jens Axboe, io_uring is a system for providing the kernel with a schedule of system calls, and receiving the results as they're generated. It combines asynchronous I/O, system call polybatching, and flexible buffer management, and is IMHO the most substantial development in the Linux I/O model since Berkeley sockets (yes, I'm aware Berkeley sockets preceded Linux. Let's then say that they're the most substantial development in the UNIX I/O model to originate in Linux):
- Asynchronous I/O without the large copy overheads and restrictions of POSIX AIO (no more O_DIRECT, etc.)
- System call batching across distinct system calls (not just readv() and recvmmsg())
- Whole sequences of distinct system calls can be strung together
- Provide a buffer pool, and they'll be used as needed
- Both polling- and interrupt-driven I/O on the kernel side
The core system calls of io_uring (henceforth uring) are wrapped by the C API of liburing. Windows added a very similar interface, IoRing, in 2020. In my opinion, uring ought largely displace epoll in new Linux code. FreeBSD seems to be sticking with kqueue, meaning code using uring won't run there, but neither did epoll (save through FreeBSD's somewhat dubious Linux compatibility layer). Both the system calls and liburing have fairly comprehensive man page coverage.
Rings
Central to every uring are two ringbuffers holding CQEs (Completion Queue Entries) and SQE (Submission Queue Entries) descriptors (as best I can tell, this terminology was used in the NVMe specification, and before that on the IBM AS400). SQEs roughly correspond to a single system call: they are tagged with an operation type, and filled in with the values that would traditionally be supplied as arguments to the appropriate function. Userspace is provided references to SQEs on the SQE ring, filled in, and submitted. Submission operates up through a specified SQE, and thus all SQEs before it in the ring must also be ready to go. The kernel places results in the CQE ring. These rings are shared between kernel- and userspace. The rings must be distinct unless the kernel specifies the IORING_FEAT_SINGLE_MMAP feature (see below). Note that SQEs are allocated externally to the SQ descriptor ring.
It is possible for a single submission to result in multiple completions (e.g. io_uring_prep_multishot_accept(3)); this is known as multishot. Errors on a multishot SQE will typically terminate the work request; a multishot SQE will set IORING_CQE_F_MORE high in generated CQEs so long as it remains active. A CQE without this flag indicates that the multishot is no longer operational, and must be reposted if further events are desired.
uring does not generally make use of errno. Synchronous functions return the negative error code as their result. Completion queue entries have the negated error code placed in their res fields.
CQEs are usually 16 bytes, and SQEs are usually 64 bytes (but see IORING_SETUP_SQE128 and IORING_SETUP_CQE32 below). Either way, SQEs are allocated externally to the submission queue, which is merely a ring of descriptors.
Setup
The io_uring_setup(2) system call returns a file descriptor, and accepts two parameters, u32 entries and struct io_uring_params *p:
int io_uring_setup(u32 entries, struct io_uring_params *p);
struct io_uring_params {
__u32 sq_entries; // number of SQEs
__u32 cq_entries; // see IORING_SETUP_CQSIZE and IORING_SETUP_CLAMP
__u32 flags; // filled in by user, see below
__u32 sq_thread_cpu; // see IORING_SETUP_SQ_AFF
__u32 sq_thread_idle; // see IORING_SETUP_SQPOLL
__u32 features; // filled in by kernel, see below
__u32 wq_fd; // see IORING_SETUP_ATTACH_WQ
__u32 resv[3]; // must be zero
struct io_sqring_offsets sq_off;
struct io_cqring_offsets cq_off;
};
It is wrapped by liburing's io_uring_queue_init(3) and io_uring_queue_init_params(3). When using these wrappers, io_uring_queue_exit(3) should be used to clean up. These wrappers operate on a struct io_uring. io_uring_queue_init(3) takes an unsigned flags argument, which is passed as the flags field of io_uring_params. io_uring_queue_init_params(3) takes a struct io_uring_params* argument, which is passed through directly to io_uring_queue_init(3).
resv must be zeroed out. In the absence of flags, the uring uses interrupt-driven I/O.
Ring structure
struct io_sqring_offsets {
__u32 head;
__u32 tail;
__u32 ring_mask;
__u32 ring_entries;
__u32 flags;
__u32 dropped;
__u32 array;
__u32 resv[3];
};
struct io_cqring_offsets {
__u32 head;
__u32 tail;
__u32 ring_mask;
__u32 ring_entries;
__u32 overflow;
__u32 cqes;
__u32 flags;
__u32 resv[3];
};
Flags
| Flag | Kernel version | Description |
|---|---|---|
| IORING_SETUP_IOPOLL | 5.1 | Instruct the kernel to use polled (as opposed to interrupt-driven) I/O. This is intended for block devices, and requires that O_DIRECT was provided when the file descriptor was opened. |
| IORING_SETUP_SQPOLL | 5.1 (5.11 for full features) | Create a kernel thread to poll on the submission queue. If the submission queue is kept busy, this thread will reap SQEs without the need for a system call. If enough time goes by without new submissions, the kernel thread goes to sleep, and io_uring_enter(2) must be called to wake it. |
| IORING_SETUP_SQ_AFF | 5.1 | Only meaningful with IORING_SETUP_SQPOLL. The poll thread will be bound to the core specified in sq_thread_cpu. |
| IORING_SETUP_CQSIZE | 5.1 | Create the completion queue with cq_entries entries. This value must be greater than entries, and might be rounded up to the next power of 2. |
| IORING_SETUP_CLAMP | 5.1 | Clamp entries at IORING_MAX_ENTRIES and cq_entries at IORING_MAX_CQ_ENTRIES. |
| IORING_SETUP_ATTACH_WQ | 5.1 | Specify a uring in wq_fd, and the new uring will share that uring's worker thread backend. |
| IORING_SETUP_R_DISABLED | 5.10 | Start the uring disabled, requiring that it be enabled with io_uring_register(2). |
| IORING_SETUP_SUBMIT_ALL | 5.18 | Continue submitting SQEs from a batch even after one results in error. |
| IORING_SETUP_COOP_TASKRUN | 5.19 | Don't interrupt userspace processes to indicate CQE availability. It's usually desirable to allow events to be processed at arbitrary kernelspace transitions, in which case this flag can be provided to improve performance. |
| IORING_SETUP_TASKRUN_FLAG | 5.19 | Requires IORING_SETUP_COOP_TASKRUN. When completions are pending awaiting processing, the IORING_SQ_TASKRUN flag will be set in the submission ring. This will be checked by io_uring_peek_cqe(), which will enter the kernel to process them. |
| IORING_SETUP_SQE128 | 5.19 | Use 128-byte SQEs, necessary for NVMe passthroughs using IORING_OP_URING_CMD. |
| IORING_SETUP_CQE32 | 5.19 | Use 32-byte CQEs, necessary for NVMe passthroughs using IORING_OP_URING_CMD. |
| IORING_SETUP_SINGLE_ISSUER | 6.0 | Hint to the kernel that only a single thread will submit requests, allowing for optimizations. This thread must either be the thread which created the ring, or (iff IORING_SETUP_R_DISABLED is used) the thread which enables the ring. |
| IORING_SETUP_DEFER_TASKRUN | 6.1 | Requires IORING_SETUP_SINGLE_ISSUER. Don't process completions at arbitrary kernel/scheduler transitions, but only io_uring_enter(2) when called with IORING_ENTER_GETEVENTS by the thread that submitted the SQEs. |
Kernel features
Various functionality was added to the kernel following the initial release of uring, and thus not necessarily available to all kernels supporting the basic system calls. The __u32 features field of the io_uring_params parameter to io_uring_setup(2) is filled in with feature flags by the kernel.
| Feature | Kernel version | Description |
|---|---|---|
| IORING_FEAT_SINGLE_MMAP | 5.4 | A single mmap(2) can be used for both the submission and completion rings. |
| IORING_FEAT_NODROP | 5.5 (5.19 for full features) | |
| IORING_FEAT_SUBMIT_STABLE | 5.5 | |
| IORING_FEAT_RW_CUR_POS | 5.6 | |
| IORING_FEAT_CUR_PERSONALITY | 5.6 | |
| IORING_FEAT_FAST_POLL | 5.7 | |
| IORING_FEAT_POLL_32BITS | 5.9 | |
| IORING_FEAT_SQPOLL_NONFIXED | 5.11 | |
| IORING_FEAT_ENTER_EXT_ARG | 5.11 | |
| IORING_FEAT_NATIVE_WORKERS | 5.12 | |
| IORING_FEAT_RSRC_TAGS | 5.13 | |
| IORING_FEAT_CQE_SKIP | 5.17 | |
| IORING_FEAT_LINKED_FILE | 5.17 |
Registered resources
Buffers
Since Linux 5.7, user-allocated memory can be provided to uring in groups of buffers (each with a group ID), in which each buffer has its own ID. This was done with the io_uring_prep_provide_buffers(3) call, operating on an SQE. Since 5.19, the "ringmapped buffers" technique (io_uring_register_buf_ring(3) allows these buffers to be used much more effectively.
Registered files
Direct descriptors
Direct descriptors are integers corresponding to private file handle structures internal to the uring, and can be used anywhere uring wants a file descriptor through the IOSQE_FIXED_FILE flag. They have less overhead than true file descriptors, which use structures shared among threads.
User data
Each SQE provides 64 bits of user-controlled data which will be copied through to any generated CQEs.
void io_uring_sqe_set_data(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, void *user_data);
void io_uring_sqe_set_data64(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, __u64 data);
void *io_uring_cqe_get_data(struct io_uring_cqe *cqe);
__u64 io_uring_cqe_get_data64(struct io_uring_cqe *cqe);
Submitting work
Submitting work consists of four steps:
- Acquiring free SQEs
- Filling in those SQEs
- Placing those SQEs at the tail of the submission queue
- Submitting the work, possibly using a system call
The SQE structure
struct io_uring_sqe has several large unions which I won't reproduce in full here; consult liburing.h if you want the details. The instructive elements include:
struct io_uring_sqe {
__u8 opcode; /* type of operation for this sqe */
__u8 flags; /* IOSQE_ flags */
__u16 ioprio; /* ioprio for the request */
__s32 fd; /* file descriptor to do IO on */
... various unions for representing the request details ...
};
| SQE flag | Description |
|---|---|
| IOSQE_FIXED_FILE | |
| IOSQE_IO_DRAIN | Issue after in-flight I/O |
| IOSQE_IO_LINK | Links next SQE |
| IOSQE_IO_HARDLINK | |
| IOSQE_ASYNC | Always operate asynchronously |
| IOSQE_BUFFER_SELECT | Use a registered buffer |
| IOSQE_CQE_SKIP_SUCCESS | Don't post a CQE on success |
Prepping SQEs
The majority of I/O-related system calls have by now a uring equivalent (the one major exception of which I'm aware is directory listing; there seems to be no readdir(3)/getdents(2)). What follows is an incomplete list.
Opening and closing file descriptors
void io_uring_prep_openat(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int dfd, const char *path,
int flags, mode_t mode);
void io_uring_prep_openat_direct(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int dfd, const char *path,
int flags, mode_t mode, unsigned file_index);
void io_uring_prep_openat2(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int dfd, const char *path,
int flags, struct open_how *how);
void io_uring_prep_openat2_direct(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int dfd, const char *path,
int flags, struct open_how *how, unsigned file_index);
void io_uring_prep_accept(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr,
socklen_t *addrlen, int flags);
void io_uring_prep_accept_direct(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr,
socklen_t *addrlen, int flags, unsigned int file_index);
void io_uring_prep_multishot_accept(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr,
socklen_t *addrlen, int flags);
void io_uring_prep_multishot_accept_direct(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr,
socklen_t *addrlen, int flags);
void io_uring_prep_close(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd);
void io_uring_prep_close_direct(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, unsigned file_index);
void io_uring_prep_socket(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int domain, int type,
int protocol, unsigned int flags);
void io_uring_prep_socket_direct(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int domain, int type,
int protocol, unsigned int file_index, unsigned int flags);
void io_uring_prep_socket_direct_alloc(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int domain, int type,
int protocol, unsigned int flags);
Reading and writing file descriptors
void io_uring_prep_send(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
void io_uring_prep_send_zc(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags, int zc_flags);
void io_uring_prep_sendmsg(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, const struct msghdr *msg, unsigned flags);
void io_uring_prep_sendmsg_zc(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, const struct msghdr *msg, unsigned flags);
void io_uring_prep_recv(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int sockfd, void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
void io_uring_prep_recv_multishot(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int sockfd, void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
void io_uring_prep_recvmsg(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, struct msghdr *msg, unsigned flags);
void io_uring_prep_recvmsg_multishot(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, struct msghdr *msg, unsigned flags);
void io_uring_prep_read(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, void *buf, unsigned nbytes, __u64 offset);
void io_uring_prep_read_fixed(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, void *buf, unsigned nbytes, __u64 offset, int buf_index);
void io_uring_prep_readv(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, const struct iovec *iovecs, unsigned nr_vecs, __u64 offset);
void io_uring_prep_readv2(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, const struct iovec *iovecs,
unsigned nr_vecs, __u64 offset, int flags);
void io_uring_prep_shutdown(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int sockfd, int how);
void io_uring_prep_splice(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd_in, int64_t off_in, int fd_out,
int64_t off_out, unsigned int nbytes, unsigned int splice_flags);
void io_uring_prep_sync_file_range(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, unsigned len, __u64 offset, int flags);
void io_uring_prep_tee(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd_in, int fd_out, unsigned int nbytes, unsigned int splice_flags);
void io_uring_prep_write(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, const void *buf, unsigned nbytes, __u64 offset);
void io_uring_prep_write_fixed(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, const void *buf,
unsigned nbytes, __u64 offset, int buf_index);
void io_uring_prep_writev(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, const struct iovec *iovecs,
unsigned nr_vecs, __u64 offset);
void io_uring_prep_writev2(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, const struct iovec *iovecs,
unsigned nr_vecs, __u64 offset, int flags);
Manipulating directories
void io_uring_prep_fsync(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, unsigned flags);
void io_uring_prep_linkat(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int olddirfd, const char *oldpath,
int newdirfd, const char *newpath, int flags);
void io_uring_prep_link(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, const char *oldpath, const char *newpath, int flags);
void io_uring_prep_mkdirat(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int dirfd, const char *path, mode_t mode);
void io_uring_prep_mkdir(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, const char *path, mode_t mode);
void io_uring_prep_rename(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, const char *oldpath, const char *newpath, unsigned int flags);
void io_uring_prep_renameat(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int olddirfd, const char *oldpath,
int newdirfd, const char *newpath, unsigned int flags);
void io_uring_prep_statx(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int dirfd, const char *path, int flags,
unsigned mask, struct statx *statxbuf);
void io_uring_prep_symlink(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, const char *target, const char *linkpath);
void io_uring_prep_symlinkat(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, const char *target, int newdirfd, const char *linkpath);
void io_uring_prep_unlinkat(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int dirfd, const char *path, int flags);
void io_uring_prep_unlink(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, const char *path, int flags);
Timeouts and polling
void io_uring_prep_poll_add(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, unsigned poll_mask);
void io_uring_prep_poll_multishot(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, int fd, unsigned poll_mask);
void io_uring_prep_poll_remove(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, __u64 user_data);
void io_uring_prep_poll_update(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, __u64 old_user_data, __u64 new_user_data, unsigned poll_mask, unsigned flags);
void io_uring_prep_timeout(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, struct __kernel_timespec *ts, unsigned count, unsigned flags);
void io_uring_prep_timeout_update(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, struct __kernel_timespec *ts, __u64 user_data, unsigned flags);
void io_uring_prep_timeout_remove(struct io_uring_sqe *sqe, __u64 user_data, unsigned flags);
Linked operations
IOSQE_IO_LINK (since 5.3) or IOSQE_IO_HARDLINK (since 5.5) can be supplied in the flags field of an SQE to link with the next SQE. The chain can be arbitrarily long (though it cannot cross submission boundaries), terminating in the first linked SQE without this flag set. Multiple chains can execute in parallel on the kernel side. Unless HARDLINK is used, any error terminates a chain; any remaining linked SQEs will be immediately cancelled (short reads/writes are considered errors) with return code -ECANCELED.
Sending it to the kernel
If IORING_SETUP_SQPOLL was provided when creating the uring, the kernel spawned a thread to poll the submission queue. If the thread is awake, there is no need to make a system call; the kernel will ingest the SQE as soon as it is written (io_uring_submit(3) still must be used, but no system call will be made). This thread goes to sleep after sq_thread_idle milliseconds idle, in which case IORING_SQ_NEED_WAKEUP will be written to the flags field of the submission ring.
int io_uring_submit(struct io_uring *ring);
int io_uring_submit_and_wait(struct io_uring *ring, unsigned wait_nr);
int io_uring_submit_and_wait_timeout(struct io_uring *ring, struct io_uring_cqe **cqe_ptr, unsigned wait_nr,
struct __kernel_timespec *ts, sigset_t *sigmask);
All of these liburing functions call the internal functions __io_uring_flush_sq() and __io_uring_submit(). The former updates the ring tail with a release-semantics write, while the latter calls io_uring_enter() if necessary. Note that timeouts are implemented internally using a SQE, and thus will kick off work if the submission ring is full pursuant to acquiring the entry.
Reaping completions
Submitted actions result in completion events:
struct io_uring_cqe {
__u64 user_data; /* sqe->data submission passed back */
__s32 res; /* result code for this event */
__u32 flags;
/*
* If the ring is initialized with IORING_SETUP_CQE32, then this field
* contains 16-bytes of padding, doubling the size of the CQE.
*/
__u64 big_cqe[];
};
Recall that rather than using errno, errors are returned as their negative value in res.
| CQE flag | Description |
|---|---|
| IORING_CQE_F_BUFFER | If set, upper 16 bits of flags is the buffer ID |
| IORING_CQE_F_MORE | The associated multishot SQE will generate more entries |
| IORING_CQE_F_SOCK_NONEMPTY | There's more data to receive after this read |
| IORING_CQE_F_NOTIF | Notification CQE for zero-copy sends |
Completions can be detected by four different means:
- Checking the completion queue speculatively. This either means a periodic check, which will suffer latency up to the period, or a busy check, which will churn CPU, but is probably the lowest-latency solution. This is best accomplished with io_uring_peek_cqe(3), perhaps in conjunction with io_uring_cq_ready(3) (neither involves a system call).
int io_uring_peek_cqe(struct io_uring *ring, struct io_uring_cqe **cqe_ptr);
unsigned io_uring_cq_ready(const struct io_uring *ring);
- Waiting on the ring via kernel sleep. Use io_uring_wait_cqe(3) (unbounded sleep), io_uring_wait_cqe_timeout(3) (bounded sleep), or io_uring_wait_cqes(3) (bounded sleep with atomic signal blocking and batch receive). These do not require a system call if they can be immediately satisfied.
int io_uring_wait_cqe(struct io_uring *ring, struct io_uring_cqe **cqe_ptr);
int io_uring_wait_cqe_nr(struct io_uring *ring, struct io_uring_cqe **cqe_ptr, unsigned wait_nr);
int io_uring_wait_cqe_timeout(struct io_uring *ring, struct io_uring_cqe **cqe_ptr,
struct __kernel_timespec *ts);
int io_uring_wait_cqes(struct io_uring *ring, struct io_uring_cqe **cqe_ptr, unsigned wait_nr,
struct __kernel_timespec *ts, sigset_t *sigmask);
int io_uring_peek_cqe(struct io_uring *ring, struct io_uring_cqe **cqe_ptr);
- Using an eventfd together with io_uring_register_eventfd(3). See below for the full API. This eventfd can be combined with e.g. regular epoll.
- Using processor-dependent memory watch instructions. On x86, there's MONITOR+MWAIT, but they require you to be in ring 0, so you'd probably want UMONITOR/UMWAIT. This ought allow a very low-latency wake that consumes very little power.
Once the CQE can be returned to the system, do so with io_uring_cqe_seen(3), or batch it with io_uring_cq_advance(3) (the former can mark cq entries as seen out of order).
void io_uring_cqe_seen(struct io_uring *ring, struct io_uring_cqe *cqe);
void io_uring_cq_advance(struct io_uring *ring, unsigned nr);
Multishot
Corner cases
Single fd in multiple rings
If logically equivalent SQEs are submitted to different rings, only one operation seems to take place when logical. For instance, if two rings have the same socket added for an accept(2), a successful three-way TCP handshake will generate only one CQE, on one of the two rings. Which ring sees the event will be different from connection to connection.
Multithreaded use
urings (and especially the struct io_uring object of liburing) are not intended for multithreaded use (quoth Axboe, "don't share a ring between threads"), though they can be used in several threaded paradigms. A single thread submitting and a single thread reaping is definitely supported. Descriptors can be sent among rings with IORING_OP_MSG_RING. Multiple submitters definitely must be serialized in userspace.
If an op will be completed via a kernel task, the thread that submitted that SQE must remain alive until the op's completion. It will otherwise error out with ECANCELED.
Coexistence with epoll/XDP
If you want to monitor both an epoll and a uring in a single thread without busy waiting, you will run into problems. You can't directly poll() a uring for CQE readiness, so it can't be added to your epoll watchset. If you set a zero timeout, you're busy waiting; if you set a non-zero timeout, one is dependent on the other's readiness. There are two solutions:
- Add the epoll fd to your uring with IORING_OP_POLL_ADD, and wait only for uring readiness. When you get a CQE for this submitted event, check the epoll.
- Register an eventfd with your uring with io_uring_register_eventfd(3), add that to your epoll, and when you get POLLIN for this fd, check the completion ring.
The full API here is:
int io_uring_register_eventfd(struct io_uring *ring, int fd);
int io_uring_register_eventfd_async(struct io_uring *ring, int fd);
int io_uring_unregister_eventfd(struct io_uring *ring);
io_uring_register_eventfd_async(3) only posts to the eventfd for events that completed out-of-line. There is not necessarily a bijection between completion events and posts even with the regular form; multiple CQEs can post only a single event, and spurious posts can occur.
Similarly, XDP's native means of notification is via poll(2); XDP can be unified with uring using either of these two methods.
Queue overflows
What's missing
I'd like to see signalfds and pidfds integrated (you can read from them with the existing infrastructure, but you can't create them).
It would be nice to have tight integration with condition variables or even mutex/futex (allow me to submit a request to get a lock, and when i get the CQE, i have that lock). Bonus points if the fast (uncontended) path never needs a system call (like mutexes built atop futexes today).
It's kind of annoying that chains can't extend over submissions. If I've got a lot of data I need delivered in order, it seems I'm limited to a single chain in-flight at a time, or else I risk out-of-order delivery due to one chain aborting, followed by items from a subsequent chain succeeding.
External links
- Efficient IO with io_uring, Axboe's original paper
- Lord of the io_uring
- Yarden Shafir's IoRing vs io_uring: A comparison of Windows and Linux implementations and I/O Rings—When One I/O is Not Enough
- io_uring and networking in 2023, more Axboe
- why you should use io_uring for network io, donald hunter 2023-04-12
- ioringapi at microsoft
- Jakub Sitnicki of cloudflare threw "Missing Manuals: io_uring worker pool" into the ring 2022-02-04
